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Sources sit alongside the statements and decisions they support.

FreeGaza.com supports Palestinian freedom, civilian safety and peaceful civic action. We condemn attacks on civilians and hostage-taking. We do not support violent organisations and do not collect donations directly.

We select records for their relevance to political responsibility, civilian protection and accountability. We identify exact quotations, paraphrases, allegations, judicial decisions and our own interpretation. We include relevant context, responses and policy changes even when they complicate our argument.

For statements, we prefer original recordings, official transcripts and contemporaneous posts. Where those have not been retrieved, we identify the document or reporting in which the statement is recorded. English translations are attributed to their source unless independently checked.

This archive covers a defined historical period. A historical sanction entry does not mean a designation remains in force today. A recorded warrant or interim order does not establish a conviction or a final judgment.

How this collection was selected

FreeGaza.com advocates Palestinian freedom and civilian protection. This is a selected collection reflecting that purpose, not an exhaustive or politically neutral survey. Selection includes policy changes, mediation and protective actions by governments criticised elsewhere in the archive.

References are labelled as leadership background or substantive records. They include contemporaneous mainstream reports, official decisions and individual testimony. Reference counts are not counts of independent investigations; several sources can concern the same event.

Positions and responses

In January 2024, Israel disputed genocidal intent and described its military campaign as self-defence, arguing that precautions and humanitarian measures demonstrated the absence of that intent. This is Israel’s submitted position, summarised in the Court’s order, not an adopted judicial conclusion. See S01 and S52. The US executive order states its objections to ICC jurisdiction and activity; that is the administration’s position. See S19.

Source provenance

This edition draws on official documents and attributable published reporting. Some material was located through indexed extracts; original recordings were not independently retrieved for every statement. Paraphrases are labelled. Linked sources have not all been downloaded into a preservation archive.

Research edition prepared 14 October 2026. Selected decision records cover October 2023–December 2025.

S01 / Substantive record

ICJ, Order of 26 January 2024, paragraphs 51–52.

Open source ↗

https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203447

S02 / Substantive record

South Africa, application instituting proceedings, December 2023, paragraph 101 and references. Party submission.

Open source ↗

https://api.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf

S03 / Substantive record

The Times of Israel, 5 November 2023, reporting Eliyahu's radio remarks and the prime minister's response.

Open source ↗

https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-minister-says-nuking-gaza-an-option-pm-suspends-him-from-cabinet-meetings

S04 / Substantive record

Human Rights Watch, 14 November 2024, investigation of forced displacement, dated statement list and footnotes.

Open source ↗

https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/11/14/hopeless-starving-and-besieged/israels-forced-displacement-palestinians-gaza

S05 / Substantive record

EEAS, 7 August 2024, response to Smotrich's starvation remarks.

Open source ↗

https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/israelgaza-statement-high-representative-remarks-minister-smotrich-regarding-starving-civilians_en

S06 / Leadership background

UK government, past prime ministers.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers

S07 / Leadership background

UK Parliament, James Cleverly's ministerial career.

Open source ↗

https://members.parliament.uk/member/4366/career

S08 / Leadership background

UK government, David Cameron's biography and tenure.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/people/david-cameron

S09 / Leadership background

UK government, ministerial appointments, 5 September 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-5-september-2025

S10 / Leadership background

German government, Scholz–Merz handover, 6 May 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/amtsuebergaber-scholz-merz-2345472

S11 / Leadership background

Bundestag, new cabinet, 6 May 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2025/kw19-de-kanzlerwahl-bundesregierung-1063886

S12 / Substantive record

German government, English translation of Scholz's statement in Israel, 17 October 2023.

Open source ↗

https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/998440/2230960/571aff394b10163cf4c71af670dbe3eb/2023-10-17-statement-bk-israel-en-data.pdf?download=1

S13 / Substantive record

UK government, Sunak's press remarks, 19 October 2023.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-statement-at-press-conference-with-prime-minister-netanyahu-of-israel-19-october-2023

S14 / Substantive record

ICJ, announcement of South Africa's application, 29 December 2023.

Open source ↗

https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/203395

S15 / Substantive record

ICJ, summary of the Order of 26 January 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203454

S16 / Substantive record

ICJ, official orders register for the case.

Open source ↗

https://api.icj-cij.org/case/192/orders

S17 / Substantive record

ICJ, Order of 24 May 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.icj-cij.org/node/204091

S18 / Substantive record

Spanish government, recognition declaration, 28 May 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/presidente/news/paginas/2024/20240528-declaration-palestine.aspx

S19 / Substantive record

US executive order on ICC sanctions, 6 February 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/02/imposing-sanctions-on-the-international-criminal-court/

S20 / Substantive record

ICC, response to sanctions on four judges, 5 June 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/international-criminal-court-deplores-new-sanctions-us-administration-against-icc-officials

S21 / Substantive record

OFAC, Albanese designation and general licence, 9 July 2025.

Open source ↗

https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20250709_33

S22 / Substantive record

UN publication of Volker Türk's response, 10 July 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/comment-by-ohchr-10jul25/

S23 / Substantive record

ICC, response to additional sanctions, 20 August 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-strongly-rejects-new-us-sanctions-against-judges-and-deputy-prosecutors

S24 / Leadership background

US State Department, Office of the Historian, Marco Rubio's entry date.

Open source ↗

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/rubio-marco

S25 / Leadership background

US State Department historical administration archive, Antony Blinken.

Open source ↗

https://2021-2025.state.gov/biographies/antony-j-blinken/

S26 / Leadership background

DIRCO, Ubuntu NewsFlash 626, 4 July 2024, ministerial handover.

Open source ↗

https://www.dirco.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Ubuntu-NewsFlash-626-4-July-2024.pdf

S27 / Leadership background

Spanish government, cabinet announced 20 November 2023.

Open source ↗

https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Paginas/2023/201123-sanchez-anuncia-composicion-gobierno.aspx

S28 / Substantive record

Spanish government, ICJ intervention, 28 June 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/paginas/2024/20240628-international-court-intervention.aspx

S29 / Substantive record

DSCA, possible F-15 sale approval, 13 August 2024.

Open source ↗

https://media.defense.gov/2024/Dec/11/2003606405/-1/-1/0/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-%20ISRAEL%2024-01%20CN.PDF

S30 / Substantive record

UK government, partial licence suspension, 2 September 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-suspends-around-30-arms-export-licences-to-israel-for-use-in-gaza-over-international-humanitarian-law-concerns

S31 / Substantive record

UK government, exporter notice on scope and F-35 exception.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/notice-to-exporters-202420-suspension-of-licences-for-israel/nte-202420-suspension-of-licences-for-israel

S32 / Substantive record

UN Security Council press release, 20 November 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/security-council-press-release-20nov24/

S33 / Substantive record

Official UN meeting record, S/PV.9790, reproduced in the veto report.

Open source ↗

https://www.un.org/pga/wp-content/uploads/sites/109/2024/11/241125-PSC-letter-to-PGA-Special-Report-on-use-of-veto-Gaza-002.pdf

S34 / Substantive record

ICC announcement on Netanyahu and Gallant warrants, 21 November 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-state-palestine-icc-pre-trial-chamber-i-rejects-state-israels-challenges

S35 / Substantive record

UK government, sanctions on Ben Gvir and Smotrich, 10 June 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-partners-unite-to-sanction-ministers-inciting-west-bank-violence

S36 / Substantive record

German government, Gaza-related export restriction, 8 August 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/bundeskanzler-friedrich-merz-erklaert-zur-entwicklung-in-gaza--2377366

S37 / Substantive record

Spanish government, agreed measures, 9 September 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/councilministers/Paginas/2025/20250909-council-press-conference.aspx

S38 / Substantive record

UK government, recognition of Palestine, 21 September 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-formally-recognises-palestinian-state

S39 / Substantive record

Spanish government, decree-law and exceptions, 23 September 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/resumenes/Paginas/2025/230925-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx

S40 / Substantive record

German government press briefing, 17 November 2025, reversal effective 24 November.

Open source ↗

https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/regierungspressekonferenz-vom-17-november-2025-2394212

S41 / Substantive record

Le Monde interview with Nicolas Guillou, 19 November 2025. Personal testimony in published interview; access may require a subscription.

Open source ↗

https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/11/19/nicolas-guillou-french-icc-judge-sanctioned-by-the-us-you-are-effectively-blacklisted-by-much-of-the-world-s-banking-system_6747628_4.html

S42 / Substantive record

Reuters, 5 June 2025, reporting the US designation reasons and differing case connections.

Open source ↗

https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-administration-imposes-sanctions-icc-judges-us-treasury-says-2025-06-05/

S43 / Substantive record

ICC Assembly of States Parties Bureau record, 2025, concern about personal impact.

Open source ↗

https://asp.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/asp_docs/2025-Bureau13-Agenda-Decisions.pdf

S44 / Leadership background

White House, Trump sworn in, 20 January 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.whitehouse.gov/videos/donald-j-trump-sworn-in-as-the-47th-president-of-the-united-states/

S45 / Leadership background

UK government, appointments of Starmer and Lammy, 5 July 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-july-2024

S46 / Leadership background

German Federal Foreign Office, Baerbock's assumption of office, 8 December 2021; read alongside the 2025 succession record S11.

Open source ↗

https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/about-us/handover-maas-baerbock-2500238

S47 / Substantive record

ICJ Order of 28 March 2024, operative paragraph 51.

Open source ↗

https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203847

S48 / Substantive record

UN Secretary-General, agreement announcement, 8 October 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/sg-statement-08oct25/

S49 / Substantive record

OCHA Humanitarian Situation Update 331, ceasefire implementation and access.

Open source ↗

https://www.ochaopt.org/content/humanitarian-situation-update-331-gaza-strip

S50 / Substantive record

UN Secretary-General, implementation and mediation, 13 October 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/2025-10-13-3

S51 / Substantive record

White House, signed peace declaration, 13 October 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/10/the-trump-declaration-for-enduring-peace-and-prosperity/

S52 / Substantive record

ICJ oral-proceedings register, including Israel’s response on 12 January 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.icj-cij.org/case/192/oral-proceedings

S53 / Substantive record

Full Fact, transcript verification of Starmer’s LBC exchange of 11 October 2023.

Open source ↗

https://fullfact.org/politics/keir-starmer-gaza-poster/

S54 / Substantive record

Hansard, Commons statement and questions, 18 October 2023.

Open source ↗

https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2023-10-18/debates/c58e7ed2-dc3c-41fa-a4d0-f08105aed489/CommonsChamber

S55 / Substantive record

Hansard, Foreign Office oral questions, 24 October 2023.

Open source ↗

https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2023-10-24/debates/41D9C0F2-5A74-4862-8CBD-189F6F823FD2/OralAnswersToQuestions

S56 / Substantive record

UK government, military deployment announcement with Shapps’s statement, 13 October 2023.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-deploys-uk-military-to-eastern-mediterranean-to-support-israel

S57 / Substantive record

Foreign Affairs Committee, Cameron’s oral evidence, 9 January 2024, questions 601–607.

Open source ↗

https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/14047/html/

S58 / Substantive record

US State Department, Cameron and Blinken press availability, 9 April 2024.

Open source ↗

https://2021-2025.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-united-kingdom-foreign-secretary-david-cameron-at-a-joint-press-availability-2/

S59 / Substantive record

Hansard, Middle East debate, Lammy’s answer to Nick Timothy, 28 October 2024.

Open source ↗

https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2024-10-28/debates/FCE4F192-3959-4B5D-B4B9-ABBF9E3C2D71/MiddleEast

S60 / Substantive record

US State Department, Matthew Miller briefing, 10 October 2023.

Open source ↗

https://2021-2025.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-october-10-2023/

S61 / Substantive record

US State Department, Matthew Miller briefing, 26 October 2023.

Open source ↗

https://2021-2025.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-october-26-2023/

S62 / Substantive record

US State Department, Blinken press availability in Tel Aviv, 3 November 2023.

Open source ↗

https://2021-2025.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-40/

S63 / Substantive record

American Presidency Project, White House briefing transcript, 7 November 2023.

Open source ↗

https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/press-briefing-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-and-nsc-coordinator-for-strategic-12

S64 / Substantive record

Commons Library research briefing, UK arms exports to Israel, 8 January 2025, page 22.

Open source ↗

https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9964/CBP-9964.pdf

S65 / Substantive record

Reuters, 10 October 2023, Borrell condemns the blockade as contrary to international law.

Open source ↗

https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/eu-ministers-meet-amid-divisions-over-palestinian-aid-3194843

S66 / Substantive record

UN rights chief, 10 October 2023, warning against collective punishment.

Open source ↗

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/israel-palestine-un-urges-parties-to-spare-civilian-lives-un-news-item/

S67 / Substantive record

Reuters, 31 October 2023, civilian deaths in Jabalia.

Open source ↗

https://www.arabnews.pk/middle-east/israeli-air-strikes-kill-50-in-north-gaza-refugee-camp-2400731

S68 / Substantive record

Reuters, published 2 November 2023, OHCHR warning of possible war crimes at Jabalia.

Open source ↗

https://www.gulf-times.com/article/671161/region/israeli-attacks-on-gaza-camp-could-amount-to-war-crimes-un-rights-office

S69 / Substantive record

Reuters, 15 November 2023, Al-Shifa raid.

Open source ↗

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/11/15/world/politics/israel-shifa-hospital-raid/

S70 / Substantive record

WHO, assessment mission at Al-Shifa, 18 November 2023.

Open source ↗

https://www.who.int/news/item/18-11-2023-who-leads-very-high-risk-joint-humanitarian-mission-to-al-shifa-hospital-in-gaza

S71 / Substantive record

Reuters, 27 January 2024, funding pauses for UNRWA.

Open source ↗

https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/currency/EURO-ISRAELI-NEW-SHEKEL-E-2363784/news/Britain-Italy-and-Finland-pause-funding-for-UN-refugee-agency-in-Gaza-45826774/

S72 / Substantive record

Reuters, 18 March 2024, IPC warning of imminent famine.

Open source ↗

https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/famine-expected-by-may-gaza-says-un-backed-report-2024-03-18/

S73 / Substantive record

IPC, analysis released 18 March 2024, imminent famine warning.

Open source ↗

https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/pt/c/1156872/?iso3=PSE

S74 / Substantive record

Reuters, 29 February 2024, deaths at an aid delivery near Gaza City.

Open source ↗

https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/dozens-killed-gaza-aid-queue-overall-death-toll-passes-30000-2024-02-29/

S75 / Substantive record

Reuters reporting and footage, 2 April 2024, World Central Kitchen deaths.

Open source ↗

https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/wrap-israeli-airstrike-on-gaza-kills-seven-working-for-celebrity-chefs-ngo/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjQ6bmV3c21sX1ZBMjEzOTAyMDQyMDI0UlAx/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjQ6bmV3c21sX0xWQTAwMTIxMzkwMjA0MjAyNFJQMQ

S76 / Substantive record

UK government, Sunak–Netanyahu call, 2 April 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-call-with-prime-minister-netanyahu-of-israel-2-april-2024

S77 / Substantive record

UK government, Andrew Mitchell summons Israeli ambassador, 2 April 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/fcdo-summons-israeli-ambassador-over-death-of-aid-workers

S78 / Substantive record

Reuters, 8 May 2024, Austin confirms a bomb-shipment pause over Rafah.

Open source ↗

https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/us-paused-israel-weapons-shipment-due-to-rafah-us-defense-secretary-3429272

S79 / Substantive record

Reuters, 28 May 2024, Rafah deaths do not trigger a wider US policy change.

Open source ↗

https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/us-says-latest-rafah-deaths-wont-change-israel-policy-military-aid-3459735

S80 / Substantive record

Reuters, 12 November 2024, US concludes Israel is not impeding assistance under the applicable US law.

Open source ↗

https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/us-finds-that-israel-is-not-impeding-assistance-to-gaza-3717690

S81 / Substantive record

State Department briefing, 15 October 2024, aid ultimatum and 30-day period.

Open source ↗

https://2021-2025.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-october-15-2024/

S82 / Substantive record

UK Foreign Secretary statement, 28 October 2024, emergency UN meeting and humanitarian response.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/middle-east-foreign-secretarys-statement-28-october-2024

S83 / Substantive record

Reuters, 28 December 2024, detentions after Kamal Adwan Hospital raid.

Open source ↗

https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-detains-medics-after-hospital-raid-health-officials-say-2024-12-28/

S84 / Substantive record

Reuters, 2 March 2025, renewed aid blockade.

Open source ↗

https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/03/02/israel-blocks-aid-into-gaza-as-ceasefire-standoff-escalates

S85 / Substantive record

Reuters, 18 March 2025, renewed strikes and reported civilian deaths.

Open source ↗

https://citizen.digital/article/israeli-strikes-kill-over-400-in-gaza-say-palestinians-ceasefire-on-brink-n359439

S86 / Substantive record

UK, France and Germany foreign ministers, 5 March 2025, humanitarian access statement.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/e3-foreign-ministers-statement-on-humanitarian-access-in-gaza

S87 / Substantive record

UK Foreign Secretary statement, 20 March 2025, resumed hostilities and aid denial.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/middle-east-foreign-secretary-statement-20-march-2025

S88 / Substantive record

Reuters, 22 August 2025, famine confirmation in Gaza Governorate.

Open source ↗

https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/famine-has-officially-struck-gaza-says-global-hunger-monitor-2025-08-22/

S89 / Substantive record

IPC special snapshot, published 22 August 2025, famine confirmed in Gaza Governorate.

Open source ↗

https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Gaza_Strip_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Malnutrition_July_Sept2025_Special_Snapshot.pdf

S90 / Substantive record

UK Foreign Secretary statement, 22 August 2025, response to famine.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-response-to-famine-in-gaza-governorate

S91 / Substantive record

UN meeting coverage, 8 December 2023, US veto and UK abstention.

Open source ↗

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/us-vetoes-resolution-on-gaza-which-called-for-immediate-humanitarian-ceasefire-dec8-2023/

S92 / Substantive record

UN meeting coverage, 20 February 2024, US veto and UK abstention.

Open source ↗

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/us-vetoes-algerian-resolution-demanding-immediate-ceasefire-in-gaza-un-news-meeting-coverage/

S93 / Substantive record

UN official vote record, resolution 2728, 25 March 2024.

Open source ↗

https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4042188?ln=en

S94 / Substantive record

UN official draft and vote record, 4 June 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/ceasefire-in-gaza-security-council-draft-resolution-vetoed-by-the-united-states-s-2025-353/

S95 / Substantive record

UN official meeting record, 18 September 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/security-council-10000th-meeting-verbatim-record-18sep25/

S96 / Substantive record

UK government, restoration of UNRWA funding, 19 July 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-restart-funding-to-unrwa

S97 / Substantive record

UK Foreign Secretary statement, 20 May 2025, trade talks and sanctions.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/israel-and-the-occupied-palestinian-territories-foreign-secretary-statement-20-may-2025

S98 / Substantive record

Court of Appeal press summary, 12 November 2025, F-35 carve-out challenge.

Open source ↗

https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Al-Haq.presssum.pdf

S99 / Leadership background

UK government, Kemi Badenoch’s historic ministerial tenure.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/people/kemi-badenoch

S100 / Leadership background

UK government, Grant Shapps’s historic ministerial tenure.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/people/grant-shapps

S101 / Leadership background

UK government, Barbara Woodward’s UN mission tenure.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/people/barbara-woodward

S102 / Leadership background

US Defense Department, Hegseth sworn in on 25 January 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/4041030/secretary-of-defense-pete-hegseth-begins-most-important-deployment-of-my-life/

S103 / Substantive record

UK government, export-assessment process and ministerial responsibility, 2 September 2024.

Open source ↗

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/summary-of-the-international-humanitarian-law-ihl-process-decision-and-the-factors-taken-into-account/summary-of-the-ihl-process-decision-and-the-factors-taken-into-account

S104 / Substantive record

Reuters video, 4 June 2025, identifies Dorothy Shea as acting US ambassador.

Open source ↗

https://www.yahoo.com/news/us-vetoes-un-security-council-235029177.html

S105 / Substantive record

Al-Haq judgment, 30 June 2025, paragraphs 3–6, F-35 decision and ministerial advice.

Open judgment ↗

https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Al-Haq-Final-Approved-Judgment-rev-1-8-July.pdf

S106 / Substantive record

Guardian report, 21 November 2024, arrest warrants.

Open source ↗

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/21/icc-issues-arrest-warrant-for-benjamin-netanyahu-israel

S107 / Substantive record

Reuters, 27 May 2024, Rafah tent-camp strike and fire.

Open source ↗

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/world/908142/israeli-attack-on-rafah-tent-camp-draws-global-condemnation/story/

S108 / Substantive record

Reuters, 9 May 2024, arms-supplier overview and Germany’s 2023 approvals.

Open source ↗

https://www.reuters.com/world/who-are-israels-main-weapons-suppliers-who-has-halted-exports-2024-05-09/

S109 / Substantive record

Reuters, 10 October 2024, Scholz promises further weapons.

Open source ↗

https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/germany-will-send-more-weapons-to-israel-soon-scholz-says-3658021

S110 / Substantive record

German Foreign Office, Baerbock’s Bundestag speech, 10 October 2024, original German.

Open source ↗

https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/newsroom/2679468-2679468?isLocal=false&isPreview=false

S111 / Substantive record

Reuters, April 2025, Netanyahu’s Budapest visit and Hungary’s withdrawal announcement.

Open source ↗

https://www.reuters.com/world/hungary-says-it-is-withdrawing-icc-israeli-leader-visits-2025-04-03/

S112 / Substantive record

ICC decision, 24 July 2025, finding Hungary’s non-cooperation.

Open source ↗

https://www.icc-cpi.int/court-record/icc-01/18-462

S113 / Substantive record

Dutch government, 12 February 2024, F-35 appeal and compliance announcement.

Open source ↗

https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2024/02/12/state-lodges-appeal-in-cassation-against-judgment-on-distribution-of-f-35-parts-to-israel

S114 / Substantive record

Reuters, 14 March 2024, Crosetto acknowledges deliveries under earlier contracts.

Open source ↗

https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/currency/EURO-ISRAELI-NEW-SHEKEL-E-60037304/news/Italy-arms-exports-to-Israel-continued-despite-block-minister-says-46201118/

S115 / Substantive record

French foreign ministry declaration, 27 November 2024, Netanyahu and immunity.

Open source ↗

https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/presse-et-ressources/decouvrir-et-informer/actualites/israel-cour-penale-internationale

S116 / Substantive record

UN General Assembly official coverage, 12 December 2023, ceasefire vote.

Open source ↗

https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12572.doc.htm

S117 / Substantive record

UN Regional Information Centre, 13 December 2023, EU voting comparison and Austria’s explanation.

Open source ↗

https://unric.org/en/eu-overwhelmingly-votes-at-un-for-humanitarian-ceasefire-in-gaza/

S118 / Leadership background

Czech government record, October 2023 positions and the roles of Fiala and Lipavský.

Open source ↗

https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=210732&tmplid=50

S119 / Substantive record

Austrian foreign ministry, 5 December 2023, Schallenberg and humanitarian policy.

Open source ↗

https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/ministerium/presse/aktuelles/2023/12/right-to-live-in-peace-and-security-for-people-in-gaza

S120 / Leadership background

German government, March 2023, names and cabinet roles.

Open source ↗

https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/974430/2172310/41c2b918799049ae216189ac229dc2c1/2023-03-18-gemeinsame-erklaerung-deutschland-japan-data.pdf

S121 / Leadership background

German government, cabinet appointed 6 May 2025.

Open source ↗

https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/975224/2345478/b818d344a5d18531936b476f47d583ab/2025-06-06-amtliche-reihenfolge-data.pdf?download=1

S122 / Substantive record

ICJ order, 30 April 2024, Nicaragua v Germany, provisional measures not ordered.

Open source ↗

https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203991

S123 / Leadership background

French foreign ministry, Jean-Noël Barrot’s ministerial biography.

Open source ↗

https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/the-ministry/ministers/jean-noel-barrot

S124 / Substantive record

Reuters, 18 September 2024, decline in German approvals and reported hold.

Open source ↗

https://www.marketscreener.com/news/latest/Exclusive-Germany-has-stopped-approving-war-weapons-exports-to-Israel-source-says-47894246/

S125 / Substantive record

Reuters, 10 October 2024, Merz’s opposition criticism of export delays.

Open source ↗

https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/germany-will-send-more-weapons-to-israel-soon-scholz-says/

S126 / Leadership background

Sky News, Sean Bell biography and military analyst role.

Open source ↗

https://news.sky.com/author/sean-bell-894

S127 / Substantive record

Al Bawaba, 10 January 2024, attribution and quotation of Bell’s remarks.

Open source ↗

https://www.albawaba.com/node/sky-news-guest-rebuked-calling-palestinian-child-young-lady-1548334

S128 / Substantive record

DCIP, 8 January 2024, documentation of four-year-old Ruqaya’s killing.

Open source ↗

https://www.dci-palestine.org/israeli_forces_shoot_kill_4_year_old_palestinian_girl_in_the_backseat_of_a_car

S129 / Substantive record

The National, 14 January 2024, reporting on Ruqaya’s death and family.

Open source ↗

https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2024/01/14/palestinian-father-mourns-beautiful-four-year-old-daughter-killed-at-israeli-checkpoint/

S130 / Clip provenance

Dilly Hussain, 8 January 2024, clip repost linked by Al Bawaba; recording not independently inspected.

Open source ↗

https://twitter.com/DillyHussain88/status/1744456779629543857

Investigations and legal positions

Investigations, proceedings and responses.

Amnesty International has concluded that Israel committed genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. Human Rights Watch found that the deliberate deprivation of water amounted to extermination and acts of genocide.

Genocide has a specific legal meaning: certain acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, in whole or in part. The links below include the court documents, human-rights investigations and essays by genocide scholars.

International Court of Justice

South Africa v. Israel

South Africa’s case under the Genocide Convention. Read the Court’s orders and case documents, including its emergency measures issued in 2024.

Open the case →
Amnesty International

Israel’s Genocide Against Palestinians in Gaza

Amnesty’s December 2024 report examines attacks, displacement, restrictions on aid and statements by Israeli officials. It concludes that Israel committed genocide.

Read the report →
Human Rights Watch

Extermination and Acts of Genocide

The December 2024 report examines the deliberate deprivation of water in Gaza. Human Rights Watch concludes that it amounted to extermination and acts of genocide.

Read the report →
United Nations

Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territory

Reports by the UN Special Rapporteur on human rights in the occupied Palestinian territory, including her analysis of genocide in Gaza.

Visit OHCHR →
Genocide scholarship

Raz Segal: A Textbook Case of Genocide

Historian Raz Segal’s October 2023 essay argues that the assault on Gaza constitutes genocide.

Read the essay →
Journal of Genocide Research

Gaza and the Problems of Genocide Studies

A. Dirk Moses introduces a 2025 discussion of Gaza and the response of genocide researchers.

Read the journal article →
Genocide scholarship

Omer Bartov: “I’m a Genocide Scholar. I Know It When I See It.”

Historian Omer Bartov explains why he came to conclude that Israel’s actions in Gaza amounted to genocide.

Read the essay →
UN OCHA

The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade

OCHA’s June 2022 account of restrictions on travel and trade, and their effects on life in Gaza.

Read the UN briefing →

The ICJ’s 2024 provisional-measures orders required urgent action; they did not decide whether genocide had occurred. The linked reports and essays give their authors’ findings.

Corrections

Substantive changes to this archive are recorded below with their date and explanation.

Media accountability 14 October 2026

Added a Sean Bell / Sky News record concerning four-year-old Ruqaya Ahmad Odeh Jahalin. Separated sourced reporting and quotation excerpts from editorial criticism, and identified the limits of recording verification.

International expansion 14 October 2026

Added seven country dossiers, three German statement records and nine dated decisions. Clarified the distinct evidentiary status of exports, votes, appeals, immunity positions and findings of non-cooperation.

Accountability gap collection 14 October 2026

Added twelve selected phases of reported harm, named decision-makers, available protective measures, documented response gaps and a UN vote ledger. Claims of refusal are limited to documented decisions; unknown incident-specific responses are marked as unestablished.

Statement archive expansion 14 October 2026

Added twelve UK and US statement records, distinguishing roles at the time, questions, direct excerpts and contextual summaries. The Starmer entry records the original 11 October 2023 exchange alone. Added country and speaker filtering.

Editorial revision 14 October 2026

Removed drafting instructions from public entries; completed the March 2024 court summary; added October 2025 ceasefire and mediation records; clarified selection and source categories; added access to opposing legal and government positions.