ICJ, Order of 26 January 2024, paragraphs 51–52.
Open source ↗https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203447
Sources sit alongside the statements and decisions they support.
FreeGaza.com supports Palestinian freedom, civilian safety and peaceful civic action. We condemn attacks on civilians and hostage-taking. We do not support violent organisations and do not collect donations directly.
We select records for their relevance to political responsibility, civilian protection and accountability. We identify exact quotations, paraphrases, allegations, judicial decisions and our own interpretation. We include relevant context, responses and policy changes even when they complicate our argument.
For statements, we prefer original recordings, official transcripts and contemporaneous posts. Where those have not been retrieved, we identify the document or reporting in which the statement is recorded. English translations are attributed to their source unless independently checked.
This archive covers a defined historical period. A historical sanction entry does not mean a designation remains in force today. A recorded warrant or interim order does not establish a conviction or a final judgment.
FreeGaza.com advocates Palestinian freedom and civilian protection. This is a selected collection reflecting that purpose, not an exhaustive or politically neutral survey. Selection includes policy changes, mediation and protective actions by governments criticised elsewhere in the archive.
References are labelled as leadership background or substantive records. They include contemporaneous mainstream reports, official decisions and individual testimony. Reference counts are not counts of independent investigations; several sources can concern the same event.
In January 2024, Israel disputed genocidal intent and described its military campaign as self-defence, arguing that precautions and humanitarian measures demonstrated the absence of that intent. This is Israel’s submitted position, summarised in the Court’s order, not an adopted judicial conclusion. See S01 and S52. The US executive order states its objections to ICC jurisdiction and activity; that is the administration’s position. See S19.
This edition draws on official documents and attributable published reporting. Some material was located through indexed extracts; original recordings were not independently retrieved for every statement. Paraphrases are labelled. Linked sources have not all been downloaded into a preservation archive.
Research edition prepared 14 October 2026. Selected decision records cover October 2023–December 2025.
https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203447
https://api.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf
https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-minister-says-nuking-gaza-an-option-pm-suspends-him-from-cabinet-meetings
https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/11/14/hopeless-starving-and-besieged/israels-forced-displacement-palestinians-gaza
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/israelgaza-statement-high-representative-remarks-minister-smotrich-regarding-starving-civilians_en
https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers
https://members.parliament.uk/member/4366/career
https://www.gov.uk/government/people/david-cameron
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-5-september-2025
https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/amtsuebergaber-scholz-merz-2345472
https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2025/kw19-de-kanzlerwahl-bundesregierung-1063886
https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/998440/2230960/571aff394b10163cf4c71af670dbe3eb/2023-10-17-statement-bk-israel-en-data.pdf?download=1
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-statement-at-press-conference-with-prime-minister-netanyahu-of-israel-19-october-2023
https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/203395
https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203454
https://api.icj-cij.org/case/192/orders
https://www.icj-cij.org/node/204091
https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/presidente/news/paginas/2024/20240528-declaration-palestine.aspx
https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/02/imposing-sanctions-on-the-international-criminal-court/
https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/international-criminal-court-deplores-new-sanctions-us-administration-against-icc-officials
https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20250709_33
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/comment-by-ohchr-10jul25/
https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-strongly-rejects-new-us-sanctions-against-judges-and-deputy-prosecutors
https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/rubio-marco
https://2021-2025.state.gov/biographies/antony-j-blinken/
https://www.dirco.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Ubuntu-NewsFlash-626-4-July-2024.pdf
https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Paginas/2023/201123-sanchez-anuncia-composicion-gobierno.aspx
https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/paginas/2024/20240628-international-court-intervention.aspx
https://media.defense.gov/2024/Dec/11/2003606405/-1/-1/0/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-%20ISRAEL%2024-01%20CN.PDF
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-suspends-around-30-arms-export-licences-to-israel-for-use-in-gaza-over-international-humanitarian-law-concerns
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/notice-to-exporters-202420-suspension-of-licences-for-israel/nte-202420-suspension-of-licences-for-israel
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/security-council-press-release-20nov24/
https://www.un.org/pga/wp-content/uploads/sites/109/2024/11/241125-PSC-letter-to-PGA-Special-Report-on-use-of-veto-Gaza-002.pdf
https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-state-palestine-icc-pre-trial-chamber-i-rejects-state-israels-challenges
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-partners-unite-to-sanction-ministers-inciting-west-bank-violence
https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/bundeskanzler-friedrich-merz-erklaert-zur-entwicklung-in-gaza--2377366
https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/councilministers/Paginas/2025/20250909-council-press-conference.aspx
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-formally-recognises-palestinian-state
https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/resumenes/Paginas/2025/230925-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx
https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/regierungspressekonferenz-vom-17-november-2025-2394212
https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/11/19/nicolas-guillou-french-icc-judge-sanctioned-by-the-us-you-are-effectively-blacklisted-by-much-of-the-world-s-banking-system_6747628_4.html
https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-administration-imposes-sanctions-icc-judges-us-treasury-says-2025-06-05/
https://asp.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/asp_docs/2025-Bureau13-Agenda-Decisions.pdf
https://www.whitehouse.gov/videos/donald-j-trump-sworn-in-as-the-47th-president-of-the-united-states/
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-july-2024
https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/about-us/handover-maas-baerbock-2500238
https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203847
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/sg-statement-08oct25/
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/humanitarian-situation-update-331-gaza-strip
https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/2025-10-13-3
https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/10/the-trump-declaration-for-enduring-peace-and-prosperity/
https://www.icj-cij.org/case/192/oral-proceedings
https://fullfact.org/politics/keir-starmer-gaza-poster/
https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2023-10-18/debates/c58e7ed2-dc3c-41fa-a4d0-f08105aed489/CommonsChamber
https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2023-10-24/debates/41D9C0F2-5A74-4862-8CBD-189F6F823FD2/OralAnswersToQuestions
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-deploys-uk-military-to-eastern-mediterranean-to-support-israel
https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/14047/html/
https://2021-2025.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-united-kingdom-foreign-secretary-david-cameron-at-a-joint-press-availability-2/
https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2024-10-28/debates/FCE4F192-3959-4B5D-B4B9-ABBF9E3C2D71/MiddleEast
https://2021-2025.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-october-10-2023/
https://2021-2025.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-october-26-2023/
https://2021-2025.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-40/
https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/press-briefing-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-and-nsc-coordinator-for-strategic-12
https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9964/CBP-9964.pdf
https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/eu-ministers-meet-amid-divisions-over-palestinian-aid-3194843
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/israel-palestine-un-urges-parties-to-spare-civilian-lives-un-news-item/
https://www.arabnews.pk/middle-east/israeli-air-strikes-kill-50-in-north-gaza-refugee-camp-2400731
https://www.gulf-times.com/article/671161/region/israeli-attacks-on-gaza-camp-could-amount-to-war-crimes-un-rights-office
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/11/15/world/politics/israel-shifa-hospital-raid/
https://www.who.int/news/item/18-11-2023-who-leads-very-high-risk-joint-humanitarian-mission-to-al-shifa-hospital-in-gaza
https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/currency/EURO-ISRAELI-NEW-SHEKEL-E-2363784/news/Britain-Italy-and-Finland-pause-funding-for-UN-refugee-agency-in-Gaza-45826774/
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/famine-expected-by-may-gaza-says-un-backed-report-2024-03-18/
https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/pt/c/1156872/?iso3=PSE
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/dozens-killed-gaza-aid-queue-overall-death-toll-passes-30000-2024-02-29/
https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/wrap-israeli-airstrike-on-gaza-kills-seven-working-for-celebrity-chefs-ngo/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjQ6bmV3c21sX1ZBMjEzOTAyMDQyMDI0UlAx/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjQ6bmV3c21sX0xWQTAwMTIxMzkwMjA0MjAyNFJQMQ
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-call-with-prime-minister-netanyahu-of-israel-2-april-2024
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/fcdo-summons-israeli-ambassador-over-death-of-aid-workers
https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/us-paused-israel-weapons-shipment-due-to-rafah-us-defense-secretary-3429272
https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/us-says-latest-rafah-deaths-wont-change-israel-policy-military-aid-3459735
https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/us-finds-that-israel-is-not-impeding-assistance-to-gaza-3717690
https://2021-2025.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-october-15-2024/
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/middle-east-foreign-secretarys-statement-28-october-2024
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-detains-medics-after-hospital-raid-health-officials-say-2024-12-28/
https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/03/02/israel-blocks-aid-into-gaza-as-ceasefire-standoff-escalates
https://citizen.digital/article/israeli-strikes-kill-over-400-in-gaza-say-palestinians-ceasefire-on-brink-n359439
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/e3-foreign-ministers-statement-on-humanitarian-access-in-gaza
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/middle-east-foreign-secretary-statement-20-march-2025
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/famine-has-officially-struck-gaza-says-global-hunger-monitor-2025-08-22/
https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Gaza_Strip_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Malnutrition_July_Sept2025_Special_Snapshot.pdf
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-response-to-famine-in-gaza-governorate
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/us-vetoes-resolution-on-gaza-which-called-for-immediate-humanitarian-ceasefire-dec8-2023/
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/us-vetoes-algerian-resolution-demanding-immediate-ceasefire-in-gaza-un-news-meeting-coverage/
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4042188?ln=en
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/ceasefire-in-gaza-security-council-draft-resolution-vetoed-by-the-united-states-s-2025-353/
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/security-council-10000th-meeting-verbatim-record-18sep25/
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-restart-funding-to-unrwa
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/israel-and-the-occupied-palestinian-territories-foreign-secretary-statement-20-may-2025
https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Al-Haq.presssum.pdf
https://www.gov.uk/government/people/kemi-badenoch
https://www.gov.uk/government/people/grant-shapps
https://www.gov.uk/government/people/barbara-woodward
https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/4041030/secretary-of-defense-pete-hegseth-begins-most-important-deployment-of-my-life/
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/summary-of-the-international-humanitarian-law-ihl-process-decision-and-the-factors-taken-into-account/summary-of-the-ihl-process-decision-and-the-factors-taken-into-account
https://www.yahoo.com/news/us-vetoes-un-security-council-235029177.html
https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Al-Haq-Final-Approved-Judgment-rev-1-8-July.pdf
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/21/icc-issues-arrest-warrant-for-benjamin-netanyahu-israel
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/world/908142/israeli-attack-on-rafah-tent-camp-draws-global-condemnation/story/
https://www.reuters.com/world/who-are-israels-main-weapons-suppliers-who-has-halted-exports-2024-05-09/
https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/germany-will-send-more-weapons-to-israel-soon-scholz-says-3658021
https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/newsroom/2679468-2679468?isLocal=false&isPreview=false
https://www.reuters.com/world/hungary-says-it-is-withdrawing-icc-israeli-leader-visits-2025-04-03/
https://www.icc-cpi.int/court-record/icc-01/18-462
https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2024/02/12/state-lodges-appeal-in-cassation-against-judgment-on-distribution-of-f-35-parts-to-israel
https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/currency/EURO-ISRAELI-NEW-SHEKEL-E-60037304/news/Italy-arms-exports-to-Israel-continued-despite-block-minister-says-46201118/
https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/presse-et-ressources/decouvrir-et-informer/actualites/israel-cour-penale-internationale
https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12572.doc.htm
https://unric.org/en/eu-overwhelmingly-votes-at-un-for-humanitarian-ceasefire-in-gaza/
https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=210732&tmplid=50
https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/ministerium/presse/aktuelles/2023/12/right-to-live-in-peace-and-security-for-people-in-gaza
https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/974430/2172310/41c2b918799049ae216189ac229dc2c1/2023-03-18-gemeinsame-erklaerung-deutschland-japan-data.pdf
https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/975224/2345478/b818d344a5d18531936b476f47d583ab/2025-06-06-amtliche-reihenfolge-data.pdf?download=1
https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203991
https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/the-ministry/ministers/jean-noel-barrot
https://www.marketscreener.com/news/latest/Exclusive-Germany-has-stopped-approving-war-weapons-exports-to-Israel-source-says-47894246/
https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/germany-will-send-more-weapons-to-israel-soon-scholz-says/
https://news.sky.com/author/sean-bell-894
https://www.albawaba.com/node/sky-news-guest-rebuked-calling-palestinian-child-young-lady-1548334
https://www.dci-palestine.org/israeli_forces_shoot_kill_4_year_old_palestinian_girl_in_the_backseat_of_a_car
https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2024/01/14/palestinian-father-mourns-beautiful-four-year-old-daughter-killed-at-israeli-checkpoint/
https://twitter.com/DillyHussain88/status/1744456779629543857
The oral-proceedings register includes Israel’s January 2024 response. Submissions and court rulings carry different evidentiary status.
Read the proceedings ↗US government positionThe executive order states the administration’s objections to ICC activity. Those assertions are attributed to the issuing government.
Read the order ↗Amnesty International has concluded that Israel committed genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. Human Rights Watch found that the deliberate deprivation of water amounted to extermination and acts of genocide.
Genocide has a specific legal meaning: certain acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, in whole or in part. The links below include the court documents, human-rights investigations and essays by genocide scholars.
South Africa’s case under the Genocide Convention. Read the Court’s orders and case documents, including its emergency measures issued in 2024.
Open the case → Amnesty InternationalAmnesty’s December 2024 report examines attacks, displacement, restrictions on aid and statements by Israeli officials. It concludes that Israel committed genocide.
Read the report → Human Rights WatchThe December 2024 report examines the deliberate deprivation of water in Gaza. Human Rights Watch concludes that it amounted to extermination and acts of genocide.
Read the report → United NationsReports by the UN Special Rapporteur on human rights in the occupied Palestinian territory, including her analysis of genocide in Gaza.
Visit OHCHR → Genocide scholarshipHistorian Raz Segal’s October 2023 essay argues that the assault on Gaza constitutes genocide.
Read the essay → Journal of Genocide ResearchA. Dirk Moses introduces a 2025 discussion of Gaza and the response of genocide researchers.
Read the journal article → Genocide scholarshipHistorian Omer Bartov explains why he came to conclude that Israel’s actions in Gaza amounted to genocide.
Read the essay → UN OCHAOCHA’s June 2022 account of restrictions on travel and trade, and their effects on life in Gaza.
Read the UN briefing →The ICJ’s 2024 provisional-measures orders required urgent action; they did not decide whether genocide had occurred. The linked reports and essays give their authors’ findings.
Substantive changes to this archive are recorded below with their date and explanation.
Added a Sean Bell / Sky News record concerning four-year-old Ruqaya Ahmad Odeh Jahalin. Separated sourced reporting and quotation excerpts from editorial criticism, and identified the limits of recording verification.
Added seven country dossiers, three German statement records and nine dated decisions. Clarified the distinct evidentiary status of exports, votes, appeals, immunity positions and findings of non-cooperation.
Added twelve selected phases of reported harm, named decision-makers, available protective measures, documented response gaps and a UN vote ledger. Claims of refusal are limited to documented decisions; unknown incident-specific responses are marked as unestablished.
Added twelve UK and US statement records, distinguishing roles at the time, questions, direct excerpts and contextual summaries. The Starmer entry records the original 11 October 2023 exchange alone. Added country and speaker filtering.
Removed drafting instructions from public entries; completed the March 2024 court summary; added October 2025 ceasefire and mediation records; clarified selection and source categories; added access to opposing legal and government positions.